Page 13 - Contributed Paper Session (CPS) - Volume 5

CPS647 Neveen N.M. et al.
the steady increasing population, and the other problem is to reduce the gap
between them and developed countries. However, there are countries their
population problem is represented in the low population growth. The
problem of population decline in these countries (some developed countries
characterized by the phenomenon of seniority) is represented in being made
remarkable progress in all areas, and in order to maintain their achievements
they must have manpower needs to maintain this progress and continue with
it, but there is another side to that problem at the individual and family levels
lying in the desire of many people to enjoy the luxury and this would reduce
the desire for childbearing, and therefore fertility decline in these
communities. If this the case with developed countries despite of the high
development condition in general and economic conditions in particular the
matter that may lead to reduce fertility. Therefore, this will be the first priority
of developing countries in general and in Egypt in particular to look after
fertility from an economic standpoint.
It was many studies like study of Expenditures on Children by Families
2015, (M) Lino, (K) Kuczynski, (N) Rodriguez, (T) Rebecce (2015 (Summarized
that Since 1960, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has provided
estimates of annual expenditures on children from birth through age 17. This
technical report presents the 2015 estimates for married-couple and single-
parent families. Results shown the Expenditures are provided by age of
children, household income level, major budgetary component (housing,
food, etc.), and region (for married-couple families).
Study of The Career Costs of Children (J) Adda, (Ch) Dustmann, ((K) Steven
(2015) This paper studies fertility and labor supply of women to quantify the
life-cycle career costs associated with children. We estimate a dynamic life-
cycle model, extending existing work by incorporating occupational choices,
allowing for skill atrophy that is occupation specific and can vary over the
career cycle, and by introducing risk aversion and savings. This allows us to
better understand the interplay between job characteristics, such as skill
atrophy or differential wage growth, and the planning of fertility, as well as
the sorting that takes place both into the labor market and across
occupations, and to capture the trade-off between occupational choice and
desired fertility. We use this model to determine the costs of children, how
they decompose into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings
opportunities, lower accumulation of experience, and selection into more
child-friendly occupations, and analyze what are the longer run effects of
policies that encourage fertility.
Study On Measuring Child Costs: With Applications to Poor Countries (A)
Seaton, (J) Muellbauer (1986) was showed The theoretical basis for measuring
child costs is discussed, and de- tailed consideration is given to two
straightforward procedures for calculation, Engel's food share method and

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