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IPS142 Jorge L. V. V. et al.
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regulation can be obtained from registers. There are other variables that are
not compulsory but have a great census tradition or big interest among the
community of users; in almost all the cases it is possible to obtain this
information from registers.
In a very schematic way, below are the sources used in 2016-PCF for the
most representative variables of the Census, as well as some of their most
relevant characteristics:
Migration variables
Method and sources: Population register, but because it was not put into
operation until 1996, it is also necessary to use the 2001 exhaustive Census.
General issues: In general, the quality of these variables is very high and all
the information included in the 2011 Census questionnaire (years of arrival
and previous places of residence) can be obtained from registers.
Relationship between household members (and other derived variables)
Method and sources: The starting point is the Padrón, which contains
information about the people that live in the same household. In any case,
information from the Tax Agency, Births and Marriages Bulletins, the Police
Database (father’s and mother’s name are stored for every person) and
previous Censuses are also used.
General issues: For each person it is investigated who is his/her father,
mother, spouse and other relative. Next, derived variables related to the
families, nuclei and structure of the household will be generated. In general,
the search for father and mother (common surnames and certain restrictions
of age and sex) is much simpler than the search for a couple. Regarding the
couples, if they have a child living with them at home, they are much easier to
detect. In other more complex cases (like cohabiting or same-sex couples
without children), it will be necessary to establish a model of imputation that
assigns couples to some situations of people living together.
Educational attainment
Method and sources: Padrón has information about this variable, but since
its quality is not optimal it is necessary to use other sources like: several
registers (diplomas, graduated people) from the Ministry of Education,
information stored in the Unemployment Register, 2001 and 2011 Census.
General issues: Information of this variable will only be provided for people
aged 15 or more. A person will have as value in this variable the highest
educational level that has been observed in the different sources. Those
residual cases that lack of educational level and also those ones that are kept
in doubt among several values, are imputed taking into account the

2 More details in:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0543&rid=7
3 For example some migration variables like year of arrival in the municipality or in the dwelling.
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