Page 371 - Special Topic Session (STS) - Volume 4

STS1080 Mahmoud Rafea et al.
complement of a cell, or body fluid, and identifying proteins as potential
biomarkers for the differentiation of disease and health.
Clinical proteomics is an extremely large field consisting of a different
collection of platforms. Mass spectrometry (MS) technology is an essential
device in these platforms. MS has a powerful use for protein identification and
profiling experiments [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. The goal of protein identification is
to find out the amino acid sequence of extracted proteins; whereas the goal
of protein profiling is to quantify the expression level of proteins.

b. Biomarkers Discoveryfrom EDAS
New clinical tests are conducted to identify novel biomarkers from MS
based proteomics. The Mass spectrometry has a powerful role in proteomics
[18]. Biomarker discovery which uses MS techniques necessitate sensitivity,
mass accuracy, and reproducibility. Construction of a comprehensive
biomarker pipeline is a trend supported by the advances in technology, based
on five essential process components: candidate discovery, quantification,
verification, research assay optimization, and biomarker validation [19].
Biomarkers discovery is depending on the comparison of different
physiological states, phenotypes done during controlling (diseased) patient
groups. The discovery of biomarkers adopts the idea of considering the
molecular species such as genes, and proteins possible biomarkers as these
species can show the changes that are done within phenotypes [20, 21].
There are many definitions of biomarker [22, 23, 24]. Meanwhile, we will
state the definition of the National Cancer Institute which defines the
biomarker as “a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or
tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or
disease” [25]. A biomarker is also called molecular marker or signature
molecule.
There is over a thousand single candidate cancer biomarkers have been
known for several years [26]. However, the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) approved that none of these is routinely used for early clinical diagnosis,
except a few of them for example, CA125 (also known as mucin 16) for ovarian
cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer and CA19 9 for
pancreatic cancer have been proposed to be useful for longitudinal disease
monitoring [27, 28, 29].
Biomarkers have the ability to indicate the different changes that can be
happened into organs and cells. These changes could be connected with
specific disease causes or with the different implications of normal and
pathological cases. So biomarkers are considered very necessary in prediction
and monitoring the molecular variations related to the development of
diseases and their reactions. Biomarkers can play a very important role into
representing therapeutic objectives. For example their important role into
disease cases is very obvious. They can provide more clearance into the

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