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IPS129 Rivera-Galicia, L.F. et al.
some, more than one estimate has been made, due to the use of different
methodological approaches and/or the hypotheses that support them. We
offer, when possible, a conservative estimate that can be taken as the lower
cost limit, which is accompanied by other estimates with less restrictive
assumptions. This results in a range of values for the estimation of the cost of
each category and, through the final aggregation, a range of values for the
estimation of the total cost.

3. Employment costs
Gender-based violence generates costs on employment not only for the
victims, but also for the aggressors, family and friends, companies, the public
and the third sector. These costs are derived from absences, delays and
distraction at work, or social and unemployment benefits perceived by the
victims, or programs to improve employment levels, orientation or social
reintegration. They affect employed women, but also those who perform
unpaid domestic activities or care for children and relatives. Although a
monetary transaction is not derived from their work, such activities or services
may be diminished if the physical or mental health of the victim is affected,
causing a reduction in the welfare of the household or the need to incur costs
to contract them externally.
We have considered two methodological approaches for estimating the
cost of this category. Both use the accounting method and determine the unit
cost with a bottom-up approach.
Estimation 1 follows Zhang et al. (2012). Three estimates are made based
on different groups: victims of physical and/or sexual violence with injuries or
illness that limit their daily activity (option A), victims of any type of violence
with injuries or illness that limit their daily activity (option B) and victims of
physical and/or sexual violence, considering they have suffered moderate or
severe violence (option C). We obtain (see Table 1) costs of € 354,750,623
(option A), € 710,882,100 (option B), and € 796,623,357 (option C).
Estimation 2 follows Dubourg et al. (2005). The unit costs are different for
physical or sexual violence and they depend on the severity. In this case, the
economic cost is € 3,639,749,999 (see Table 1).

Table 1: Estimates of Employment costs.
Estimation 1 Estimation 2
(Zhang et al. 2012) Dubourg et al. (2005)
OPTION A OPTION B OPTION C
Victims of physical Victims of any type of Victims of any type of Victims of physical
and/or sexual violence violence with injuries or physical and/or sexual and/or sexual violence
with injuries or illness illness violence (moderate or severe)
(moderate or severe)
€ 354,750,623 € 710,882,100 € 796,623,357 € 3,639,749,999
Source: Adapted from Mañas-Alcón (2019).

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