Page 438 - Invited Paper Session (IPS) - Volume 2

IPS320 Michael Frosch
The possibility to organise the same ten different categories in two different
hierarchies recognises that the relationship between the level of authority and
level of economic risk is not always a direct positive relationship where a high
degree of economic risk also implies a high degree of authority or vice versa.
This might be the case for some categories. For example, employees have a
relatively low degree of authority (as dependent workers) while experiencing
a relatively low degree of economic risk (as workers in employment for pay).
Moreover, own-account workers in household market enterprises have a
higher degree of authority (as independent workers) and also a higher degree
of economic risk (as workers in employment for profit). However, for other
categories of workers there is an inverse relationship between authority and
risk. For example, owner-operators of corporations without employees have a
lower economic risk but a higher degree of authority while dependent
contractors have a higher economic risk but a lower degree of authority. In
practice, workers within these broad categories (as well as within the detailed
categories) experience greater or lesser degrees of authority and economic
risk and each of the two dimensions is rather a continuum than a dichotomy.
For conceptual purposes, combining the two hierarchies (see figure 1) can
however, contribute to a general understanding of the varying levels of
authority and risk associated with the work relationship categories of ICSE-18
as well as a comparative framework to understand these dimensions for
different types of workers.

Figure 3: ICSE-18 dual hierarchy

Workers in employment for pay Workers in employment for profit
Employers in household
Employers in market enterprises
corporations

Owner operators of corporations Own - account workers in household
without employees market enterprises without
employees

Permanent Fixed - term
employees employees Dependent
contractors

Short - term and Paid apprentices, Contributing
casual employees trainees and family workers
interns

3. Measurement of ICSE-18
th
The 20 ICLS resolution I provides some general recommendations for data
collection regarding data sources and frequencies of data collection. These
general recommendations are not sufficiently detailed to give countries

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