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STS364 Elena Z. et al.

Fig. 3 Position of the Russian Federation in groups of countries by income level (World
Bank data)

4. Discussion and Conclusion
The presented results provide an insight into a possible methodological
approach for identifying and evaluating the complex multidimensional effect
of the mutual influence of informal employment indicators and indicators of
sustainable development at the country level. The results obtained by the
authors contain “two news”, as always: good and bad. The good news is that
the phenomenon, which has already been indicated in the publications and
which was hypothetically put forward by the authors of this article exists. This
phenomenon is the mutual influence of informal employment indicators and
SDG indicators, which has deep unobservable causes. The authors proved that
it can be measured by statistical methods that allow us to identify the
determinants of consistency, i.e. those characteristics of informal employment
and sustainability of development, which in mutual influence determine the
effectiveness of the system as a whole. Informal employment is only an
example of a systemic socioeconomic phenomenon that, through implicit but
statistically significant links, predetermines the achievement of the SDG goals.
The proposed algorithm can be used to analyse the mutual influence of other
complex subsystems.
The bad news is that, until now, the number of SDG indicators, for which
there is a methodologically consistent single base for all countries, is small,
much less than 169. The same has been found in terms of informal
employment. Consequently, the primary task for the implementation of
Agenda 2030 should be international cooperation forming such databases.
This will provide the opportunity for in-depth system analysis at the cross-

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