Page 30 - Special Topic Session (STS) - Volume 2

STS452 Joerg B.
for education expenditures was fully absorbed by the allocation for the
depletion of natural resources and other damages.

5. Discussion and Conclusion
Since 1970, all ASEAN countries except Singapore increased the
diversification of industries. High and stable levels of diversification are
reported for four countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand.
From 1995 onwards, Myanmar and Cambodia steadily reduced the
concentration of industries. Large and volatile fluctuations of diversification
are observed for Brunei Darussalam and Myanmar. In Vietnam and Laos the
concentration of industries decreased since 1990, while in Singapore the
concentration of industries steadily increased since 1970.
The test for sustainable development failed in Laos. A low positive savings
ratio was turned into a negative one after the allocation for the mineral
depletion and net forest depletion. All other ASEAN realised positive ratings.
However, the differences of the adjusted net saving share in gross national
income were very large, reaching from 39.9 percent in Brunei and 35.9 percent
in Singapore to 10.0 percent in Cambodia and -1.9 percent in Laos.
A full implementation of the input-output approach will only be possible
if comparable supply and use tables become available for all ASEAN countries.
Ideally they should use the same classification of the System of National
Accounts 2008 (United Nations, 2009). At the moment, OECD input-output
tables for 1995-2015 are available for 8 ASEAN countries. The tables for
Myanmar and Laos are still missing. The Asian Development Bank (2019)
published input-put tables for 9 ASEAN countries excluding Myanmar
covering 2010-2017 The national statistical offices of ASEAN countries should
be encouraged to compile annual supply, use and input-output tables as an
integral part of their national accounts.

References
1. Al-Kawaz, Ahmed (2008): Economic Diversification: The Case of Kuwait
with Reference to Oil Producing Countries, in: Journal of Economic
Cooperation, 29, pp.23-48.
2. Asian Development Bank (2019): Data Library, Input-Output Economic
Indicators.
3. Beutel, Joerg (2012): Conceptual Problems of Measuring Economic
Diversification as Applied to the GCC Countries, in: Giacomo Luciani
(ed.): Resources Blessed: Diversification and the Gulf Development
Model, Gulf Research Centre, Gerlach Press, pp. 29-70.
4. Beutel, Joerg, Isabelle Rémond-Tiedrez, José M. Rueda Cantuche (2013):
The Importance of Input-Output Data for the Regional Integration and
Sustainable Development of the European Union, in: Joy Murray and

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