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CPS1951 Zhu Y. et al.
complete survey of all the institutions within the scope of statistics, which is
only suited to the relatively fewer institutions within the scope. Currently, this
method is generally used for the survey of government research institutes and
higher education institutions. When this method is used, it is typically
necessary to set up the survey starting point within the given scope of statistics
and further narrow the scope to an acceptable range, for instance, the US’s
R&D statistics on colleges and universities. Second is conducting the complete
survey of institutions with R&D activities within the scope. This is a kind of
method most frequently used at present. When this method is used for a
survey, it is necessary to determine in advance whether the object engages in
the R&D activity. Most countries use the sample survey (stratified sampling)
for collecting data on enterprises R&D activities, due to huge numbers of
respondents in the enterprises; countries, such as, the U.S., the U.K. and Japan,
for instance, stratify their enterprises by the industry, R&D scale and staff
numbers. For the enterprises survey, most developed countries use the
method of “long questionnaire” combined with “short questionnaire” and they
usually ask the key surveyed enterprises to fill out the “long questionnaire”
and other enterprises to fill out only the “short questionnaire”. This will greatly
reduce the workload while ensuring the timeliness and convenience of the
garnered data. As the supplement to the complete survey and the sample
survey, estimations are made by some countries in their sectoral or industrial
surveys, such as, the R&D statistics by the UK on its local government sectors
and higher education sectors (see Table 3).

Table 3. R&D Statistical Methodologies of Some Countries
Government Enterprises Higher education
Sector sector
US Complete survey Sample survey Complete survey
Japan Complete survey Sample survey Complete survey
Germany Complete survey Sample survey Complete survey
UK Estimations Sample survey Estimations
Notes: the private nonprofit sector accounts for a very small proportion in the
total amount, whose statistical method is not included, due to lack of data.

2.4 The survey of service industry is given much attention
The R&D statistics of the above four countries involves extensive industries
with collecting the data on non-manufacturing industry, except for the
manufacturing industry; especially in recent years, with the vigorous
development of the service sector, various countries have given sufficient
emphasis on the R&D statistics on the service industry. In Japan, for instance,

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