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STS463 Siti Asiah A. et al.
sources need to be done according to common definition. In Swiss Labour
Accounts, the priority identity relationship are as follows:

Table 4: Identity relationship of Swiss Labour Account
Non-monetary
dimension
Total population Persons employed + Persons unemployed + Persons
outside labour force
Jobs Persons in employment + Vacancies
Actual hours of work Actual volume of work / Average annual hours worked in
full-time job
Full-time equivalents Actual hours of work
Paid volume of work Actual hours of work of person – Unpaid actual hours of
person + Absences from work of person
Monetary dimension
Labour costs sum Paid volume of work * Earning per year (employees and
self-employed)
Labour costs sum Earning per year (employees and self-employed) + Social
contributions + Other labour costs

Both persons employed and jobs are linked between data from household
and establishment surveys as well as the relationship between the number of
employed persons, hours worked and full-time equivalents. Gross changes in
the population such as immigration, emigration, death and births also are
taken into consideration. The monetary dimension likes earning and wages
still not in part of Swiss Labour Account (Buhmann et al., 2002).
Australia, Denmark, the Netherland and Switzerland agreed on the main
principle of developing labour account as it gives them new opportunities to
complement, present and improve existing labour statistics (Buhmann et al.,
2002). At the first stage of development, these four countries have to deal with
the challenges in terms of differences results between sources, unclear
overview of the labour market situation due to various sources. The cut-off
time difference between the surveys shows that the labour market situation
may vary and the relationship between labour data with other statistical
system are not clear especially in relation to population and education
statistics.
In this early stage of developing Malaysian Labour Account, standards and
guidelines of ILO and System of National Account (SNA) will be referred as
well as the four countries experienced. On top of that, Malaysia also need to
consider the availability of complete and readiness of labour data as a base
for the development of labour account. Malaysia also has to face the same
issues and challenges faced by these four countries.
The source from Table 5 shows different indicators, approaches and
frequencies due to its different objectives and purposes of data collection. The

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