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CPS1494 Senthilvel V. et al.
identified as statistically significant in their study. A similar type of results was
found in our study that hypertension, HbA1C, and duration of DM were
statistically significant. More than half of the study population was having
hypertension and higher proportion of DR was seen among hypertensive
patients (32.6%) than non-hypertensive patients (14.5%), which was statistically
significant with p – value < 0.05. Similar result was found in the study by Giri,
P. A. et al. (2012) also. In addition to that gender, age, duration of DM, history
of addiction, family history of DM was also statistically significant in their
study. In univariate analysis, the smoking habit was not significant with DR in
our study. But, smoking habit has been found as significant in multivariate
analysis and it was found that the chance of getting DR in smokers was 15
times than that of non-smokers.
We have estimated the strongest predictors of DR through binary logistic
regression. Some of the variables which were not significant in univariate
analysis but significant in multivariate analysis and one variable were
eliminated. The strongest predictors were HbA1C, FBS, smoking habit,
medication (intake of tablet/insulin), duration of DM and duration of
hypertension and history of hypertension was eliminated from the third step
of logistic regression. A similar study was conducted to estimate the strongest
predictors by Ahmed R.A. et al. (2016) and Pradeepa, R. et al. (2008). A study
by Gadkari, S. S. et al. (2016) have resulted that the prevalence was found more
in males, DM was happened after 5 years, DM patients was in above 40 years,
insulin users and history of vascular accidents. But, our study resulted that
prevalence was more among females, diabetics more than 10 years, those aged
above 50 years. We didn’t take into an account of the history of vascular
accidents. A Korean study by Kim, J. H. et al. (2011) have showed that odds
ratio of the DR increased with duration of DM, postprandial glucose levels, and
HbA1C and in our study odds ratio of the study increased with smoking habit,
medication, and HbA1C. Kohner, E. M. et al. (1998) have mentioned in their
study that the presence of retinopathy was the same percentage in both the
male and female and fasting plasma glucose level was the risk factor for
developing DR. We have also found the same type of results in our present
study. So, the ophthalmologic examination is needed for all diabetic patients
with minimum routine follow-up is needed with a trained ophthalmologist and
who he is well experienced in the management and treatment of DR for every
year from the diagnosis date of DM.

5. Conclusion
The overall prevalence of DR in Type II DM patients was high in the
study. Retinopathy is strongly associated with Hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood
sugar (FBS), duration of diabetes mellitus, medication, duration of
hypertension and smoking by Binary Logistic Regression approach. Hence,

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