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CPS1494 Senthilvel V. et al.
as 19.3%. Moreover, in some other studies the prevalence of DR was 41% by
Pamu, N. J. et al. (2014), 44.4% Giri, P. A. et al. (2012), 34.08% Liu, Y. et al. (2017),
36.4% Ahmed, R. A. et al., and 27.9% by Zhang, G et al. (2017). Furthermore,
the prevalence of DR in our study was higher than those documented in other
studies 21.7% by Gadkari, S. S. et al. (2016) and 18% by Kim, J. H. et al.
(2011). The difference in the prevalence rate is due to the fact in that many of
the studies were population-based and due to the different screening
techniques adopted.
The mean age of the participants was a little bit high than a study was
conducted in Pondicherry, South India by Vasudevan, S. et. al.
(2017). Furthermore, the similar type of results was mentioned in another one
study on the prevalence of DR and its associated factors in a rural area of Tamil
Nadu, South India was done by Nadarajan, B. et. al. (2017). Whereas the mean
age of the participants was found as very high 69.2 ± 8.5 years in a study by
Wang, J. et al. (2013) in Guangzhou, China. DR prevalence is higher in the
female when compared with male population. The similar type of results have
been mentioned in a Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye
Study I by Rema, M. et al. (2005). In our study, we have found that the mean
duration of DM was 16.62 ± 7.57 years. In our present study, 34.9% of DM
patients had DR for 10 years and above and 14.1% of DM patients had DR less
than or equal to 10 years. The test was statistically highly significant with p-
value < 0.01 as shown in Figure – 3. Whereas one study from Karnataka by
Nayak, S. et al. (2017) have mentioned the very high prevalence of DR as
mentioned half percentage for more than 10 years and a similar percentage
were having DM more than 5 years. Retinopathy increases with younger age
at onset of diabetes and showed a significant association between DR and
duration of diabetes, which is consistent with most of the previous studies
Pamu, N. J. et al. (2014), Giri, P. A. et al. (2012), Liu, Y. et al. (2017), and Ahmed,
R. A. et al., (2016). The risk factors like duration of DM, HbA1C, FBS, history of
hypertension and medication also showed a higher significance with
DR. However, we didn’t find any significant association between DR and age,
gender, education, family history of DM, total cholesterol and BMI. Similarly, a
study by Liu, Y. et al. (2017) also didn’t find any association with gender but
showed association with duration of the disease.
Out of the 150 Type II DM patients, 85 were males and 55 were
females. Among that 23.5% of the males and 29.2% of the females were
affected by DR. The age group of the study ranged from 31 – 84
years. Majority of the patients in our study were aged above 50 years and DR
was also found in the mean age of 60.38 ± 9.06. But the study by Pamu, N. J.
et al. (2014) has shown a slight male preponderance in all age groups and the
majority of diabetic patients in the age group of 41 – 50 years. Risk factors like
BMI, hypertension, HbA1C, duration of DM and microalbuminuria were

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