Page 452 - Contributed Paper Session (CPS) - Volume 2

CPS1922 Imran K. et al.

Table-6
HR IN PL SL SP VS P-values
LEO 13.6±13.0 12.8±9.6 86.5±54.8 36.7±30.3 17.5±16.2 44.2±27.3 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >HR,IN,SL, >HR,IN >HR,IN,SP
SP,VS
REO 18.4±17.1 15.9±11.4 100.8±55.8 21.6±19.1 32.9±41.1 54.4±39.9 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >HR,IN,SL, >HR,IN,SL
SP,VS
LRA 7.4±4.1 5.6±6.4 65.7±35.6 23.4±34.4 24.8±44.1 23.8±14.4 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >HR,IN,SL, >IN >HR,IN
SP,VS
RRA 5.3±3.7 5.0±6.0 53.8±25.5 7.3±4.8 10.2±9.5 21.6±15.0 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >HR,IN,SL, >HR >HR,IN,
SP,VS SL,SP
LLD 21.7±17.9 37.4±21.9 14.3±9.9 10.5±4.2 12.2±7.0 9.2±8.2 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >SL,VS >HR
RLD 22.4±12.9 44.9±29.3 17.5±27.7 14.2±9.6 15.0±12.8 10.8±11.3 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >SL,VS >HR,PL,SL,
SP,VS
LES 48.5±25.8 43.9±19.7 6.5±3.2 14.7±19.5 5.7±3.6 6.5±3.1 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >PL,SL,SP,VS >PL,SL,SP,VS
RES 43.6±20.3 40.4±18.2 6.5±2.9 7.3±10.2 5.1±4.3 7.0±4.6 p<0.0001
(%MVIC) >PL,SL,SP,VS >PL,SL,SP,VS >SP
Compressive 1519.4±570.0
force(N) >IN,PL,SL,SP, 1142.4±512.5 965.9±309.3 541.4±284.4 447.6±224.6 762.0±242.0 p<0.0001
VS >SL,SP,VS >SL,SP,VS >SL,SP

In Table-6 it is found that there exists a relationship between mean and sd
and no appropriate measure has been taken to tackle the issue which would
have given author the correct way of explaining the results

Table-7
Novice Expert
Category M SD M SD
Shape 3.10 1.41 3.65 1.18
Time** 3.70 1.46 5.65 1.42
Space* 1.80 1.11 2.75 1.45
No Diff* 3.95 1.67 5.30 1.78
Participants’ responses were summed across categories (maximum of 8) and group (N = 20
novice, N = 20 expert) means were compared with four t-tests. *p < 0.05, **p<0.001. p = values
unadjusted for multiple comparisons.

In Table-7, the data is discrete in nature as it is a score data and have a
high probability the distribution is non-normal. NPT should have been
preferred instead of parametric t-test not used on the score data.

4. Discussion and Conclusion
The error of fourth kind can be eliminated if proper care is taken. Use of
statistical software without consulting the statistical expert should be avoided.
It's recommended that research work should be carried out in collaboration
with statistical expert or stat labs like LISA and the same shall be established
almost in every research institution which can cater to the needs of the

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