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CPS1854 Shonosuke S. et al.
                                                  
                                         1                               2
                                                       ()
                                       2
                                                                       
                                                                 
               (, ) =  2(1 + )  log +  2 2  ∑ ∑    ( −   −   )
              ()
                                                                        
                                                           
                                                                
                                              =1  =1
                                                                  
                                 1
                                              
                                                −1
                     +     log|| + ∑  ()    +  ∑  | | +  ∑  ∥  ∥,
                   2(1 + )       2                           ℓ    °ℓ
                                     =1              =1          ℓ=1

                This  minimization  problem  is  almost  the  same  as  minimizing  the
            regularized likelihood of linear regression.

            References
            1.  Hui, F. K. C., Mueller, S., and Welsh, A. H. (2017). Joint Selection in Mixed
                 Models Using Regularized PQL. Journal of the American Statistical
                 Association 112, 13231333.
            2.  Fujisawa, H. and Eguchi, S. (2008). Robust parameter estimation with a
                 small bias against heavy contamination. Journal of Multivariate Analysis
                 99, 2053-2081.
            3.  Hunter, D. R. and Lange, K. A tutorial on MM algorithms. American
                 Statistician 58, 0-37.












































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